| William Flynn Martin | |
|---|---|
| Special Assistant to President Reagan National Security Council |
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| In office 1983–1985 |
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| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Executive Secretary National Security Council |
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| In office 1985–1986 |
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| President | Ronald Reagan |
| U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy | |
| In office 1986–1988 |
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| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Executive Director 1992 Republican Platform Committee |
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| President | George H.W. Bush |
| Chairman Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee |
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| In office 2002 – Present |
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| President | George W. Bush |
| President of the Council United Nations University for Peace |
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| In office 2006–2007 |
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| Secretary General | Kofi Annan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | October 4, 1950 Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (BS, 1972) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MS, 1974) |
William Flynn Martin (born October 4, 1950) is an American energy economist, educator and international diplomat. Martin served as Special Assistant to President Reagan for National Security Affairs, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council in the West Wing of the White House and Deputy Secretary of the Department of Energy during the Ronald Reagan Reagan administration. He was also President of the Council of the University for Peace, appointed to the Council by Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan. Martin also served as Executive Director of the Republican Platform Committee during the re-election bid of George H.W. Bush. He has held senior appointments and advisory positions under several Presidents including: Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush.
Martin currently serves as the chairman of the international energy consulting firm, Washington Policy & Analysis, Inc. He is also chairman of the United States Department of Energy's Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee.
Martin was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He achieved his Bachelor of Science from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and his Master of Science from MIT in 1974. His master's thesis was the basis of an article he co-authored with George Cabot Lodge in the Harvard Business Review (Our Society in 1985: Business may not like it, March 1975)[1].
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As a graduate student at MIT he was part of a team that a prepared ten days of Congressional hearings on Growth and Its Implications for the Future (Roundtable Press, 1973) [2]. The ten days of hearings were chaired by Congressman John Dingell. The hearings were in response to the Club of Rome's report, Limits to Growth and were aimed at providing the first Congressional hearings on the world economic, energy and environmental outlook and the need for sustainable growth strategies. He was also part of an MIT engineering group that produced a volume for the United Nations Environmental Program on resource materials for studies in environmental management. He is co-author of the report, Professional Materials for Environmental Management Education (MIT Press, 1975). These publications were later submitted to the first United Nations conference on the environment held in Stockholm in 1972 and headed by Maurice Strong who said of Growth and Its Implications for the Future, “This small volume summarizes much of the important work going on today with regard to global survival…. I know of no other publication to date which emphasizes more systematically or extensively, and in such readable form, the interacting relationships amongst diverse fields.”
Following graduating from MIT, Martin joined the MIT Energy Laboratory as a Program officer for the Workshop on Alternative Energy Strategies headed by Professor Carroll L. Wilson, the first General Manager of the US Atomic Energy Commission. This fifteen country energy assessment group headquartered at MIT met for three years and produced the report, Energy: Global Energy Prospects 1985-2000 (McGraw-Hill, 1975). Martin was a co-author of the final report and editor of Energy Supply to the Year 2000 (MIT Press, 1977) (MIT Press, 1977) [3]. Mr. Martin was responsible for energy supply analysis as well as energy projections of developing nations. He and his co-author Frank J.P. Pinto were responsible for using the SIMLINK model of the World Bank as an economic foundation for projecting energy futures for developing nations. This World Bank-MIT project was one of the pioneering research attempts to estimate energy prospects for developing countries. (See Energy and Economic Growth Prospects for the Developing Countries: 1960-2000, by William F. Martin and Frank J.P. Pinto, in Energy: Global Prospects: 1985-2000).
Martin then moved to Paris where he was responsible for energy statistics for developing countries at the International Energy Agency (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris) and was part of a UN expert group that developed the methodology for reporting United Nations energy statistics. The statistics were published in the volumes I and II of the report Workshop on Energy Data of Developing Countries (IEA/OECD, 1978).[1][2] Mr. Martin was director of the IEA Workshop on Energy Statistics for Developing Countries that resulted in the first publication of energy statistics for over 100 countries in a matrix supply/demand integration format.
In 1978, he was promoted to special assistant to the Executive Director of the IEA, Ulf Lantzke, and served in this capacity for two years during the time of the second oil shock. At the commencement of the Iran-Iraq war it was agreed that nations should coordinate stock draw in the event of a disruption. As the special assistant to the IEA executive director, Martin served as coordinator for four IEA Ministerial meetings. Agreed upon in 1981, these communiques[3] are the basis of IEA agreements today and a key element of the 2009 discussions between Henry Kissinger (the founder of IEA), Nobuo Tanaka and William Martin on expanding this concept to include China, India and other advancing nations.[4][5]
Following his four years in Paris, Martin joined the United States Department of State as Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State. In 1981, he was transferred to the National Security Council as Director of International Economic Affairs. In this capacity he prepared recommendations for the President in the area of energy security, East-West economic relations, the Iran-Iraq war and Central American economic development. A key responsibility of Martin was to conceptualize and then negotiate with the Europeans the issue of the importance of less reliance on Soviet natural gas - a project that was directed personally by President Reagan. Martin's role was key to negotiate the development of the giant Norwegian gas field, Troll,[6] to be an alternative to Soviet gas imports to Europe. This was part of a larger program to undermine the Soviet economy as reported in the book, Victory [4]. Roger Robinson, Dennis Blair and William Martin are credited in a Presidential citation with preparing the Williamsburg Declaration,[7] a three page communique agreed to by the G-7 leaders(including Prime Minister Thatcher, Prime Minister Nakasone, Chancellor Kohl and Prime Minister Mitterrand). The President read the three page declaration before the world press. Many conclude that this jointly agreed document that argued for free market and free trade policies set in place the principles for worldwide economic recovery beginning in 1983. Based on these achievements, he was appointed Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan, responsible for the coordination of the President’s international and head of state meetings.
Mr. Martin helped arrange President Reagan's international meetings including coordination with the White House Advance Office, NSC staff and Department of State—and participated in the President's visits to Japan (1983), South Korea (1983), China (1984), Ireland (1984), D-day celebration on Normandy beaches (1984), United Kingdom (1984), France (1984), Canada (1985), Spain (1985), Germany (1985), EU Parliament (1985), the Geneva "Reagan-Gorbachev" summit (1985) and several G-7 economic summit meetings (Williamsburg, London, Bonn). Working closely with the State Department and NSC staff, he also coordinated the preparation of President Reagan's oval office head of state meetings as NSC Senior Director for Coordination, coordinating and participating in the President's major bilateral meetings with,among others, Prime Minister Nakasone of Japan,[8] Shimon Peres of Israel, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Prime Minister Mulroney of Canada, President Saibou of Niger, King Hussein of Jordan, Prime Minister Thatcher, Prime Minister Craxi of Italy, Prime Minister Kaar Willock of Norway, Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanond (Thailand), Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadas (Sri Lanka), Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko (Russia), OECD Secretary General Jean-Claude Paye, UN Secretary General Perez de Cuellar and Chancellor Kohl of Germany. [5]
In addition to general preparation of the President’s meeting with Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev, he and Dr. Alvin Trivelpiece were responsible for concluding an agreement with his Russian counterpart, Academian Evgeny Velikhov, on magnetic fusion cooperation that has since become the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) [6] project as recognized in the concluding sentence of the communiqué of this historic meeting, "The two leaders emphasized the potential importance of the work aimed at utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion for peaceful purposes and, in this connection, advocated the widest practicable development of international cooperation in obtaining this source of energy, which is essentially inexhaustible, for the benefit for all mankind."[9]
In appreciation for Martin’s work on numerous projects, President Reagan commended him in a series of letters on: European gas supplies;[10] the 1983 Williamsburg Summit;[11] the 1984 UN General Assembly;[12] the 1985 Reagan-Gorbachev Geneva Summit;[13] Reagan’s 1983 trip to Asia;[14] Reagan’s 1984 trip to China;[15] and Martin’s tenure as the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council.[16]
Martin served as the Executive Secretary of the National Security Council in the Reagan White House. [7] The Executive Secretary is the head of the NSC as defined by the National Security Act of 1947. In practice, it serves as the NSC’s chief of staff responsible for coordination, budget and management of the National Security Council. The Executive Secretary coordinates the National Security Council meetings and manages vital policy and information communication from the Cabinet and the NSC staff to the President. One of the duties of Mr. Martin as Executive Secretary was to oversee the White House Situation Room located in the basement of the West Wing of the White House which is in 24/7 communication with the Department of Defense, State Department, Intelligence Community and US Embassies abroad.
As Executive Secretary, Martin also chaired an Executive Secretary group composed of officials from State, Defense, CIA and the NSC responsible for coordinating the President's national security priorities as identified in a book titled National Security Issues of the United States. Martin also developed a system for briefing the President using a six month calendar priority list, often supplementing with video presentations.
At the time of the Iran-Iraq war in 1984, Mr. Martin was responsible for the coordination of an NSC Special Situation Group headed by Vice-President Bush on building up the defensive capabilities of friendly Middle East countries and developing a strategy to cope with potential oil market disruptions.[17] The plan, approved by the President and Vice President, was an important step in building US military capability in the Gulf resulting in the successful defense of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in the 1991 Gulf War. The plan also stimulated the buildup of the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
In 1985, Martin chaired an NSC inter-agency group on Central American Economic Development. The conclusion of the working group, presented to and approved by the President, was threefold: encourage free market reforms; contribute $8 billion in economic assistance; and encourage continued security in the region (Reagan National Security Decision Directive 2-85). The policy also called upon all US cabinet officers to assist Central America in its quest for economic development (ie. agriculture, energy, commerce, transportation). The theme of the presentation was that security assistance in Central America would be enhanced through economic growth and prosperity. Without economic progress, the security situation would continue to unravel. In addition, Martin coordinated a special program transfer Los Alamos National Laboratory "hot dry rock" energy technology to Costa Rica. The program laboratory program grew to include laser technology developed in DOE labs to evaluate air quality in Mexico City.
During the Christmas holiday season in 1985, Mr. Martin was traveling with President Reagan to California as the NSC aide. During the week, there was a terrorist attack on the Rome and Vienna airports, resulting in the deaths of innocent men, women and children. Martin set up an NSC crisis management center on the site of the Annenberg estate where the President was staying and kept the President updated with morning, noon and evening meetings. The terrorist was Abu Nidal and the New York Times reported that Martin was handling the terrorist attack for the President. It was learned that Abu Nidal had backing from Libya and a key question for the President was the appropriate response. The President responded that since the attacks were in Rome and Vienna, authorities in those countries should bring the criminals to justice. Three months later when Americans were killed in the La Belle Discotheque bombing in Berlin, President Reagan responded with an attack on Gaddafi's compound.
In June 1986, Martin was nominated by President Ronald Reagan and confirmed by the United States Senate as United States Deputy Secretary of Energy, the number two official of the Department of Energy.[18] The DOE is responsible for the nation’s nuclear weapons complex, scientific research and energy policy. At the time of his confirmation, the department had over 150,000 employees and contractors. Martin was awarded the department’s highest award for a report he produced, Energy Security: Report to the President of the United States.[19] The study was the first comprehensive inter-agency, publicly available study on US energy security, which concluded that imports would continue to rise and that US must strive for greater energy efficiency and development of clean coal technology, safe nuclear power, natural gas, solar and other renewable technologies, as well as to maintain incentives for environmentally sensitive domestic oil development. He was also commended by the Democratic Chairman of the House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee, John Dingell. [8] William Martin was the Administration's top energy adviser on the US-Canadian Free Trade Agreement that opened up energy markets between the US and Canada. He was commended for his work as a member of the negotiating team and core member of the Cabinet group that oversaw the negotiations with Canada. [9]
In addition, during Martin's tenure he was presented with and approved a DOE proposal by Dr. Alvin Trivelpiece to map the Human Genome.[20] The Human Genome Project was the crown jewel of 20th century biology. It is notable that this scientific gem was launched by the math, physics and supercomputing strengths of the Department of Energy.[21] In 1987, Acting Secretary of Energy Martin also joined Ronald Reagan and other members of his cabinet and the United States Supreme Court to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the ratification of the United States Constitution. Ronald Reagan, accompanied by his cabinet, spoke on the footsteps of the US Capitol addressing hundreds of thousands of Americans celebrating the event on the National Mall.
Martin has continued to work with the DOE on various projects since his tenure as Deputy Secretary. From 2002 to 2004, he served on the Secretary's Advisory Board (SEAB), chairing the industry-government sub-committee. Since 2002, he has been Chairman of the Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee and was a committee member of a SEAB group to review the Department of Science. Recently, he served in an advisory capacity on the DOE’s Strategic Technology Energy Plan aimed to utilize technological gains in energy efficiency to both reduce carbon emissions as well as overall energy consumption. His contribution to the project was to create an energy supply/demand ‘matrix’[22] approach to detail all sectors of energy use (industrial, commercial, residential etc.) and supplies to meet those demands.
World Resources Institute: Martin joined the board of the World Resources Institute in 1998 and served as WRI’s Chairman of the Development Committee. He was instrumental in conceptualizing the October 2000 "Digital Dividends" conference[23] between leading environmentalists and technology leaders, including Bill Gates, on reducing the digital divide.
Trilateral Commission: In 1997, he was the lead author of a Trilateral Commission study, Maintaining Energy Security in a Global Context.[24] His co-authors were Helga Stegg and Japanese Ambassador to the United Nations Disarmament Conference, Ryukichi Imai. The report was translated into French, German and Japanese.
Republican Platform Committee: In 1992, he served as the Executive Director of the Republican Platform Committee and co-authored the Committee’s volume, The Vision Shared: Uniting Our Family, Our Country, Our World.[25] The responsibilities included managing hearings on topics of the Platform in Kansas City, Salt Lake City and Washington, DC, culminating in the Platform discussions and presentation at the Republican National Convention in Houston.
Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee: Martin is also chairman of the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Advisory Committee [10]. Appointed under the Administration of George W. Bush in 2002, Martin oversees a sixteen person committee responsible for advising the Department of Energy on four key areas: nuclear reactor research and development, including Gen-IV reactors; technology issues related to fuel cycle; infrastructure requirements for DOE national laboratories; and international nuclear issues including non-proliferation, safety and security. NEAC released the report, Nuclear Energy: Policies and Technology for the 21st Century,[11] to provide a bipartisan approach to nuclear energy and technology road map for advancing safe nuclear energy worldwide.
Council on Foreign Relations: Martin was elected to the Council on Foreign Relations in 1983 and served as chairman of the Council's Energy Security Group [12] from 1997 to 2006. He is a frequent speaker on energy at the Council including recent speeches on the Fukushima disaster and the subsequent effects on energy implications for US-Japan relations[26] as well as presiding over a session with Senator Joseph Lieberman on the future of China's energy situation.[27] On the occasion of the 90th anniversary of the Council on Foreign Relations, Mr. Martin presented a paper entitled Energy: Looking back, Looking Forward 90 Years.[28]
University for Peace: In 2004, Martin was appointed by the Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to the Council of the University for Peace.[13] He was elected President of the Council of the University for Peace at its October 2006 meeting. Headquartered in Costa Rica, the United Nations-mandated University for Peace was established in December 1980 as a Treaty Organization by the UN General Assembly. As determined in the Charter of the University, the mission of the University for Peace is: “to provide humanity with an international institution of higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among all human beings the spirit of understanding, tolerance and peaceful coexistence, to stimulate cooperation among peoples and to help lessen obstacles and threats to world peace and progress, in keeping with the noble aspirations proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations."[29]
North Korea: Martin was also the chairman of the UN Working Group on the DPRK (North Korea), providing assistance to the Six Party Talks (involving representatives of the governments of China, Russia, Japan, United States, North and South Korea) on economic and energy prospects for the DPRK on behalf of the United Nations. This group issued the 2005 report, Energy Scenarios for the DPRK.[30] A companion group on economic issues confronting North Korea was chaired by Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz.
Prague Security Studies Institute: In 1998, Martin co-founded the Robinson-Martin Security Scholars Program [14] at the Prague Security Studies Institute[15] that aims to educate Czech students in national security. In 2004 he co-chaired a conference in Prague on "Energy and Security" with former Czech Deputy Prime Minister Alexandr Vondra focused on developing diversified energy sources for the Czech Republic.[31] He is currently a member of the Board of PSSI and Chairman of the PSSI Corporate Council [16]. For these efforts, he was commended by President Vaclav Havel for outstanding contributions to the Czech Republic.[32]
Club of Prague In 2004, he was co-founder of the Club of Prague [17], an initiative under the auspices of President Václav Havel to seek more environmentally sensitive energy policies composed of distinguished scientists, historians, philosophers, writers and energy systems engineers.
US-Japan relations: Long interested in US-Japan energy relations, Martin was Chairman of the US-Japan energy working group that produced the 1983 Reagan-Nakasone Joint Statement on Japan-United States Energy Cooperation.[33] He was also active in approving and testifying on the US-Japan Nuclear Cooperation agreement of 1987. More recently, Martin has been coordinator of the Santa Fe Energy Seminar that brings senior Japanese and US government and private sector leaders together to discuss the importance of nuclear energy and its impact on the global environment, world economy and non-proliferation.[18]
International Atomic Energy Agency: In 2008, he was appointed by IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei as Project Coordinator for the IAEA’s 20/20 Project,[34] which provided an assessment of the challenges the Agency will face in a report, Reinforcing the Global Nuclear Order for Peace and Prosperity: The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and Beyond.[35]
Global Energy Prize: In 2008, William Martin was elected to the International Award Committee of the Global Energy Prize.[36] This prize, presented by the President of Russia, recognizes outstanding research and innovation in the field of energy. "The Global Energy International Prize is one of the most prestigious international awards granted for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of energy which have proved of benefit to the entire human race."[37]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Leadership Award(France): Awarded leadership award for study in France of French nuclear program (1991). This included review of French nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel cycle facilities.
Department of Defense: In early 2003, Martin was assigned to the office of the Secretary of Defense with responsibilities to recruit senior US civilian advisers for assignments in Iraq. This involved placing American advisers in 26 Iraqi agencies and ministries for the purposes of Iraqi reconstruction, as well as dispatching Czech Chef Justice Vojtech Cepl to Iraq to evaluate property restitution. Based on this experience, Justice Cepl with the assistance of Ambassador Boyden Gray initiated the training of over 140 Iraqi judges in Prague's CEELI Institute [19].
Republican Presidential Campaigns: William Martin has been part of the campaign of every Republican Presidential candidate since 1988. He served as policy coordinator for 1988 Bush/Quayle, Executive Director of the Republican Platform Committee in 1992 and policy adviser on platform matter to campaigns Dole (1996), George W. Bush (2000), and McCain/Palin (2008). In these campaigns Martin also served as a spokesman/surrogate speaker for the Presidential candidate on matters related to energy and the environment. His efforts were commended by George H.W. Bush in letters for work done on the 1988 and 1992 campaigns. [20] [21] He was also commended by Robert Dole for his effort on the 1996 Presidential election. [22]
Martin co-founded an international energy consulting firm, Washington Policy & Analysis with Scott L. Campbell in 1988.[23] WPA was later bought by the British company, Lloyds of London Press, which later became part of Informa, UK. "Informa is the leading international provider of specialist information and services for the academic and scientific, professional and commercial business communities."[38] Informa has over 150 offices in more than 34 countries and employs 9,250 staff around the world.
William Martin has two sons. Nicholas Carl Martin (born August 10, 1982), a graduate of Swarthmore College and the University for Peace, is Executive Director of the The U.S. Association for the University for Peace and President of TechChange. Christopher Flynn Martin (born February 6, 1984), a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, is a graduate student and researcher at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University in Japan. He was married to Jill Wheaton Martin from 1974 to 2008.
William Martin is from a pioneering Oklahoma political and oil family. His great-grandfather, Dennis T. Flynn, was the first US Congressman from the State of Oklahoma and is the first inductee into the Oklahoma hall of fame.[39] His grandfather, Olney Flynn, was mayor of Tulsa and Republican nominee for Governor of Oklahoma in 1948. His grandmother was Grayce Kerr whose first husband was Robert S. Kerr, Oklahoma Senator and founder of the oil company, Kerr-McGee. Martin's great uncle was John Chisum, the Texas cattleman portrayed by John Wayne in the movie Chisum. Martin was the 1968 Tulsa, Oklahoma high school tennis champion and was the tennis pro at the Homestead Resort in Glen Arbor, Michigan. He resides in Havre de Grace, Maryland and Prague, Czech Republic.
